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JAN04.TXT
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1990-02-23
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January 1990
The Future of Policing
By
William L. Tafoya, Ph.D.
In August 1982, law enforcement executives gathered in the
FBI Academy auditorium to hear Alvin Toffler speak. In his
speech, Toffler suggested that because change was taking place so
rapidly, tremendous social pressures were occurring and will
continue to ferment and explode unless opportunities were created
to relieve those pressures. (1)
According to Toffler, law enforcement, like society, has two
possible courses of action. The first is to cling to the status
quo; the second, to facilitate social change. (2) For law
enforcement officers, this means not only protecting civil rights
but also ensuring that all lawful means of dissent and
petitioning of government concerning grievances are permitted and
protected. (3) This will help secure the ideals of democracy and
facilitate an orderly transition into what Toffler has referred
to as a ``third wave'' society. (4)
In support of these ideals, this article addresses major
societal change from an historical perspective, ongoing social
norm and value shifts, periods of reform in policing, the
research that addresses the phenomenon of resistance to
organizational change, and the implications for law enforcement
of maintaining the status quo.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Historically, the role of law enforcement has been to
maintain the status quo. However, this does not mean that this is
what ``should be'' in the future. Reliance on current practices
will not prepare law enforcement for the future. Therefore, to be
able to deal with change, law enforcement must understand the
process of change.
Toffler's comments offer a challenge to law enforcement and
suggest that unless the police are viewed by the public as
amicable, they will be perceived as adversaries. They must be
viewed as integral to the neighborhood and as indispensable
members of the community, not as an army of occupation.
One need only reflect back two decades to be reminded of how
destructive civil unrest and social injustice can be. Law
enforcement has made important and laudatory strides to heal
those wounds, but there is more to be done. Law enforcement
administrators must not allow themselves to be content with past
achievements. If law enforcement stops to congratulate itself for
the progress it has made thus far, it could drift backwards.
In addition, isolated and sometimes tragic events tend to
dramatize and exaggerate the excitement of policing. For some
police officers, the service function is something begrudgingly
tolerated while waiting for the hot pursuit and in-progress
calls. In fact, many police officers believe that the service
function should not be part of their responsibilities. This
belief is compounded by the lack of a concerted effort on the
part of police administrators to give the service function a
positive image. Therefore, systematically shifting public
perception, and the self-image of the police themselves from
``crime fighter'' to ``social engineer,'' seems appropriate. (5)
If law enforcement administrators do not plan properly
today, they may be forced to reassess the way their agencies
carry out their responsibilities tomorrow. For example,
California's 1978 Proposition Thirteen triggered a decade of
so-called ``cutback management'' for law enforcement and other
agencies nationwide. Such reappraisals are likely to come about
as a result of the kind of initiatives Toffler has called
``anticipatory democracy.'' (6)
Economizing measures, referenda, and trends, such as social
norm and value shifts, accreditation, education and training, and
consolidation, (7) will bear close scrutiny from now through the
turn of the century. If changes in these areas continue at their
present rate and direction, they are likely to lead to major,
unanticipated changes in both the role and organizational
structure of policing. Perhaps the most important, most subtle,
and most likely to be overlooked by police administrators is the
shift in social norms and values.
CHANGES IN SOCIETY
In his 1970 classic, Future Shock, Alvin Toffler discussed
the world's major social norm and value shifts. (8) In 1980, he
followed up with The Third Wave, in which he expanded his views
and drew an analogy between the waves of the ocean and the three
major changes of society: The Agricultural Revolution, the
Industrial Revolution, and the Technological Revolution. (9)
According to Toffler, the first wave, the Agricultural
Revolution, swept aside 45,000 years of cave dwelling about 8,000
B.C., and mankind shifted from a nomadic existence based on
hunting and gathering to domesticating animals, farming, and
settling on the land.
The second wave, the Industrial Revolution, began about
1760, and mankind moved from the field to the foundry. The
transition from plough to punch-press was filled with
consternation. In fact, from 1811 to 1816, bands of workmen,
called Luddites, destroyed machinery because they believed their
jobs were at risk from the technology of the day. Machine power,
they feared, would replace manpower. With the exception of a few
Third World countries, the Industrial Revolution provided the
economic base for second wave society.
About 1955, the Technological Revolution began, signifying
the third wave. Since that time, the American work force has
shifted from blue collar to white collar. In barely three
decades, a parade of high technology has marched into the home.
The driving force for this shift is information; the
economic base for third wave societies is the quest for
knowledge. The ubiquitous microcomputer, ushered in just over a
decade ago, has turned Western society inside out. In the wake
of this micro millennium, a new ``disease'' has been discovered,
cyberphobia fear of computers. Computer phobes today express
remarkably similar views about computers as 19th-century
Luddites expressed about mechanical devices.
CHANGES IN LAW ENFORCEMENT
A rough correspondence to Toffler's wave analogy can be
drawn with respect to the historical changes in law enforcement.
Passage of the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 in England marked
the beginning of the ``first wave'' of major law enforcement
reform. Robert Peel and Charles Rowan were two visionaries who
brought order and the military model to policing.
A century later, in the 1930s, August Vollmer and O.W. Wilson,
two American police pioneers, advanced the goal of
``professionalizing'' law enforcement. Their efforts ushered in
the ``second wave'' of major law enforcement reform.
Standardization, specialization, synchronization, concentration,
maximization, and centralization dominated law enforcement during
this era. Toffler's ``Breaking the Code,'' in The Third Wave, for
example, is almost a mirror image of the history of modern
police administration. (10)
The civil unrest of the mid-1960s through the mid-1970s was
the impetus for the advocacy of the ``third wave'' of major law
enforcement reform. Change agents, such as Patrick V. Murphy and
Quinn Tamm, began to question the value of the bureaucracy and
the military model of policing.
Substantial impr